Glutathione
A tripeptide your liver makes. We read all 60 studies. The protocol is below.
Free — puts Glutathione on your decision board.
Everything you need to start: dose, sourcing, safety, our verdict.
One purchase · yours forever
Built from 60 cited studies.
- you've been talked into a $200 IV drip and want to know what you actually paid for
- you're using oral NAC or liposomal capsules and curious whether the IV is meaningfully different
- a Filipino or Korean family member uses it for skin lightening and you want the medical read
- **you're on active chemotherapy (especially cisplatin/platinum-based) or radiation** — the interaction is contested in the literature; some trials show glutathione **reduces neuropathy and toxicity without losing tumor-kill** (a real plus), but the underlying concern is that an antioxidant can blunt the oxidative mechanism the chemo relies on. **Don't add glutathione mid-treatment without your oncologist signing off** — this is not a self-rx decision
- you have asthma triggered by sulfites or any sulfur-containing compounds — anaphylactoid reactions to glutathione have been reported
- you think this is going to detox your liver after a hard weekend — it won't, more than rest and water
- you're skin-lightening expecting permanent results — pigment comes back when you stop
- Any unusual symptoms — especially the cancer-mechanism flag for angiogenic peptides.
- 12 weeks of continuous use with no objective biomarker support to keep going.
- Tolerance signal (the protocol needs escalating doses to feel the same).
What it is.
Glutathione is a tripeptide — glutamate, cysteine, glycine — and the major intracellular antioxidant in essentially every cell you have. It neutralizes reactive oxygen species, recycles vitamins C and E, and is the workhorse of phase II liver detoxification.
It's not a drug in the usual sense. It's a normal cellular molecule that you make from amino acids in your diet. Levels can drop with age, oxidative stress, chronic disease, or low cysteine intake. The supplement industry has built three big formats around that idea: oral glutathione (poorly absorbed), liposomal glutathione (better absorbed), and IV glutathione (the clinic offering, often paired with NAD+ drips).
NAC (N-acetylcysteine) is the boring oral cousin — it raises intracellular glutathione because cysteine is the rate-limiting . It's cheaper and better-studied than any of the direct-glutathione products.
TL;DR. 30-second version.
The compressed verdict — what Glutathione actually is, what the human evidence shows, and the watch-for in three bullets. Locked.
Get the report · $19 ↓Mechanism.
How the molecule actually works — receptor profile, downstream signaling, what to expect mechanistically.
Get the report · $19 ↓Evidence. What we actually know in humans.
The trial breakdown — phase, n, primary endpoint, who funded, what hit, what didn't.
Get the report · $19 ↓Dose. The actual protocol.
The specific protocol — dose, titration schedule, cycle pattern, frequency, route.
Sourcing. Where the cohort actually buys.
Sourcing breakdown — vendor methodology, red flags, our published test results, COA checklist.
Safety. Side effects.
The watch-for list — contraindications, drug interactions, monitoring labs, when to stop.
Get the report · $19 ↓Editorial position.
Our editorial position — explicit yes / no / depends, with the reasoning behind it.
Get the report · $19 ↓Citations.
- 01Oestreicher J, et al. Glutathione: subcellular distribution and membrane transport (1). Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire. 2019;97(3):270-289. PMID: 30427707.
- 02Gnanasekaran P, et al. Detection of Protein-Protein Interactions Using Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) Pull-Down Assay Technique. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.). 2023;2690:111-115. PMID: 37450141.
- 03Dong SC, et al. Glutathione S-transferase π: a potential role in antitumor therapy. Drug design, development and therapy. 2018;12:3535-3547. PMID: 30425455.
- 04Niitsu Y, et al. Implications of glutathione-S transferase P1 in MAPK signaling as a CRAF chaperone: In memory of Dr. Irving Listowsky. Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and biological sciences. 2022;98(2):72-86. PMID: 35153270.
- 05Boyland E, et al. Glutathione S-aralkyltransferase. The Biochemical journal. 1969;115(5):985-91. PMID: 5360727.
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- 06Gérard-Monnier D, et al. [Metabolism and antioxidant function of glutathione]. Pathologie-biologie. 1996;44(1):77-85. PMID: 8734304.
- 07Saygın E, et al. Glutathione S-transferase expression in benign and malignant eyelid tumors. Biotechnic & histochemistry : official publication of the Biological Stain Commission. 2022;97(5):334-339. PMID: 34696641.
- 08Edwards R, et al. Plant glutathione S-transferases: enzymes with multiple functions in sickness and in health. Trends in plant science. 2000;5(5):193-8. PMID: 10785664.
- 09Ishikawa T. The ATP-dependent glutathione S-conjugate export pump. Trends in biochemical sciences. 1992;17(11):463-8. PMID: 1455517.
- 10Russell TM, et al. Glutathione-S-Transferases as Potential Targets for Modulation of Nitric Oxide-Mediated Vasodilation. Biomolecules. 2022;12(9). PMID: 36139130.
- 11Varghese AJ. Glutathione conjugates of misonidazole. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 1983;112(3):1013-20. PMID: 6847675.
- 12Dienes-Nagy Á, et al. Simultaneous quantification of glutathione, glutathione disulfide and glutathione-S-sulfonate in grape and wine using LC-MS/MS. Food chemistry. 2022;386:132756. PMID: 35509159.
- 13Stocco G, et al. Pharmacogenetics of azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease: a role for glutathione-S-transferase?. World journal of gastroenterology. 2014;20(13):3534-41. PMID: 24707136.
- 14Zhao Y, et al. Glutathione S-Transferases Mediate In Vitro and In Vivo Inactivation of Genipin: Implications for an Underlying Detoxification Mechanism. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2023;71(5):2399-2410. PMID: 36705628.
- 15Dekant W, et al. Bioactivation of hexachlorobutadiene by glutathione conjugation. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1990;28(4):285-93. PMID: 2192968.
- 16Kim K, et al. Regulation of Glutathione S-Transferase Omega 1 Mediated by Cysteine Residues Sensing the Redox Environment. International journal of molecular sciences. 2024;25(10). PMID: 38791319.
- 17Kobzar O, et al. Inhibition of glutathione S-transferases by photoactive calix[4]arene α-ketophosphonic acids. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters. 2022;77:129019. PMID: 36216030.
- 18Liu Z, et al. Genome-wide identification glutathione-S-transferase gene superfamily in Daphnia pulex and its transcriptional response to nanoplastics. International journal of biological macromolecules. 2023;230:123112. PMID: 36621743.
- 19Dong S, et al. Glutathione Pulse Therapy: Promote Spatiotemporal Delivery of Reduction-Sensitive Nanoparticles at the "Cellular Level" and Synergize PD-1 Blockade Therapy. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany). 2022;9(27):e2202744. PMID: 35896947.
- 20Guo X, et al. Functional analysis of the glutathione S-transferases from Thinopyrum and its derivatives on wheat Fusarium head blight resistance. Plant biotechnology journal. 2023;21(6):1091-1093. PMID: 36724058.
- 21te Koppele JM, et al. Stereoselective glutathione conjugation by subcellular fractions and purified glutathione S-transferases. Drug metabolism reviews. 1991;23(3-4):331-54. PMID: 1935575.
- 22Kalita J, et al. Engineering glutathione S-transferase with a point mutation at conserved F136 residue increases the xenobiotic-metabolizing activity. International journal of biological macromolecules. 2020;163:1117-1126. PMID: 32663558.
- 23Raffa M, et al. [Plasmatic glutathione levels and their relationships with clinical and therapeutic features in patients with schizophrenia]. L'Encephale. 2021;47(1):10-14. PMID: 33358006.
- 24Weinbergová O. [Glutathione reductase and glutathione-insulin-transhydrogenase and their participation in the oxydation-reduction transformation of glutathione]. Ceskoslovenska fysiologie. 1970;18(5):381-96. PMID: 4913247.
- 25Bernig T, et al. Glutathione-S-transferases and Chemotherapy Resistance of Hodgkin's Lymphoma Cell Lines. Anticancer research. 2016;36(8):3905-15. PMID: 27466493.
- 26Zhang J, et al. Development of Telintra as an Inhibitor of Glutathione S-Transferase P. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. 2021;264:71-91. PMID: 32767141.
- 27Song A, et al. Fluorescence detection of glutathione S-transferases in a low GSH level environment. Chemical communications (Cambridge, England). 2019;55(50):7219-7222. PMID: 31165811.
- 28Dekant W. Bioactivation of nephrotoxins and renal carcinogens by glutathione S-conjugate formation. Toxicology letters. 1993;67(1-3):151-60. PMID: 8451756.
- 29Liang B, et al. Mitochondrial Glutathione Depletion Nanoshuttles for Oxygen-Irrelevant Free Radicals Generation: A Cascaded Hierarchical Targeting and Theranostic Strategy Against Hypoxic Tumor. ACS applied materials & interfaces. 2022;14(11):13038-13055. PMID: 35266691.
- 30Sies H. [Biochemistry of thiol groups: the role of glutathione]. Die Naturwissenschaften. 1989;76(2):57-64. PMID: 2657438.
- 31Tiwari M, et al. A tau class glutathione-S-transferase (OsGSTU5) confers tolerance against arsenic toxicity in rice by accumulating more arsenic in root. Journal of hazardous materials. 2022;426:128100. PMID: 34954436.
- 32Moron MS, et al. Levels of glutathione, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activities in rat lung and liver. Biochimica et biophysica acta. 1979;582(1):67-78. PMID: 760819.
- 33Gouyette A. [Resistance associated with the glutathione system]. Bulletin du cancer. 1994;81 Suppl 2:69s-73s. PMID: 7727862.
- 34Nakanishi Y, et al. Glutathione derivatives enhance adriamycin cytotoxicity in a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line. Anticancer research. 1997;17(3C):2129-34. PMID: 9216676.
- 35GROS H. [Pantothenic acid and sulfhydril glutathione]. Klinische Wochenschrift. 1956;34(41-42):1151-2. PMID: 13386196.
- 36Dekant W. Biosynthesis and cellular effects of toxic glutathione S-conjugates. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 1996;387:297-312. PMID: 8794224.
- 37Qian K, et al. Functional Analysis of Insecticide Inhibition and Metabolism of Six Glutathione S-Transferases in the Rice Stem Borer, Chilo suppressalis. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2024;72(22):12489-12497. PMID: 38773677.
- 38Enache TA, et al. Electrochemical evaluation of glutathione S-transferase kinetic parameters. Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2015;101:46-51. PMID: 25086278.
- 39Uno Y, et al. Functionally relevant genetic variants of glutathione S-transferase GSTM5 in cynomolgus and rhesus macaques. Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems. 2019;49(8):995-1000. PMID: 30216105.
- 40HELBIG D. [Sulfhydryl-glutathione and anesthesia]. Der Anaesthesist. 1954;3(2):82-4. PMID: 13180900.
- 41Vukčević M, et al. Evaluation of Tick Abundance and Pyrethroid Resistance Via Determination of Glutathione-S-Transferases Activity. Journal of economic entomology. 2023;116(1):233-239. PMID: 36527684.
- 42Nýdlová E, et al. Comparison of inhibitory effects between acetaminophen-glutathione conjugate and reduced glutathione in human glutathione reductase. Journal of applied toxicology : JAT. 2014;34(9):968-73. PMID: 24038001.
- 43Baliova M, et al. Manganese- and zinc-coordinated interaction of Schistosoma japonicum glutathione S-transferase with neurotransmitter transporters GlyT1 and GAT3 in vitro. Experimental parasitology. 2024;259:108721. PMID: 38369179.
- 44Watabe T, et al. [Glutathione conjugation reactions: metabolic inactivation and activation of carcinogens and other toxicants by glutathione S-transferases]. Tanpakushitsu kakusan koso. Protein, nucleic acid, enzyme. 1988;33(9):1405-16. PMID: 3074361.
- 45Fischer LJ, et al. Studies on the fate of the glutathione and cysteine conjugates of acetaminophen in mice. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals. 1985;13(2):121-6. PMID: 2859156.
- 46Soszyński M, et al. Peroxynitrite inhibits glutathione S-conjugate transport. Biochimica et biophysica acta. 1997;1325(1):135-41. PMID: 9106491.
- 47Boivin P. [The synthesis of glutathione by erythrocytes and its anomalies]. Exposes annuels de biochimie medicale. 1969;29:121-38. PMID: 4899178.
- 48Pereira SAP, et al. Automated approach for the evaluation of glutathione-S-transferase P1-1 inhibition by organometallic anticancer compounds. Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry. 2022;37(1):1527-1536. PMID: 35635138.
- 49Bai F, et al. Glutathione and N-acetylcysteine conjugates of alpha-methyldopamine produce serotonergic neurotoxicity: possible role in methylenedioxyamphetamine-mediated neurotoxicity. Chemical research in toxicology. 1999;12(12):1150-7. PMID: 10604863.
- 50Zarth AT, et al. Benzene oxide is a substrate for glutathione S-transferases. Chemico-biological interactions. 2015;242:390-5. PMID: 26554337.
- 51Klos C, et al. p-aminophenol nephrotoxicity: biosynthesis of toxic glutathione conjugates. Toxicology and applied pharmacology. 1992;115(1):98-106. PMID: 1631900.
- 52Kapkaç HA, et al. Identification of glutathione-S-transferase m19 and m34 among responsive GST genes against 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene treatment of Tetrahymena thermophila. European journal of protistology. 2021;81:125838. PMID: 34481325.
- 53Wan Osman WH, et al. Structure of a serine-type glutathione S-transferase of Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and identification of the enzymatically important non-canonical residues by functional mutagenesis. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2019;510(1):177-183. PMID: 30683313.
- 54Miller LA, et al. Glutathione, S-substituted glutathiones, and leukotriene C4 as substrates for peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics. 2003;412(1):3-12. PMID: 12646261.
- 55Zhu W, et al. Near-infrared frequency upconversion probe for revealing the relationship between glutathione S-transferase and drug-resistance. Analytica chimica acta. 2021;1181:338920. PMID: 34556207.
- 56Aksoy M, et al. Purification of glutathione S-transferase from Van Lake fish (Chalcalburnus tarichii Pallas) muscle and investigation of some metal ions effect on enzyme activity. Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry. 2016;31(4):546-50. PMID: 26018419.
- 57Watabe T, et al. Glutathione S-conjugates of phenyloxirane. Biochemical pharmacology. 1981;30(4):390-2. PMID: 7213427.
- 58Shukla A, et al. Evaluation of serum Glutathione-S Transferase-Alpha as a Biomarker of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 2018;66(10):42-44. PMID: 31317708.
- 59Carvalho F, et al. d-Amphetamine interaction with glutathione in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Chemical research in toxicology. 1996;9(6):1031-6. PMID: 8870992.
- 60Oh JM, et al. Lack of association of glutathione S-transferase P1 Ile105Val polymorphism with aspirin-intolerant asthma. The Korean journal of internal medicine. 2005;20(3):232-6. PMID: 16295782.
Everything you need to start.
Dose, sourcing, safety, our verdict. One purchase. Yours forever.
Built from 60 cited studies.